The present study is going to illustrate the necessity of exempting the divorce from the PRIVATE parties' agreement (control) and the important need of the assertion of legal mechanism to access to the specific legal norm in respect of this divorce. It will be suggested with the purpose of the protection of family institution as a social and ethical entity. The present study is a descriptive analytical research. Accordingly the researcher will describe the characteristics of the legal institution of divorce at first and then it will explain the different legal system's attitude to this respect. Afterward the prerequisites and the condition of the validity of this type of divorces in various times will be evaluated. Finally the ambiguity existed regarding to this issue in different legal system will be examined. A legal system in which the family as a social and ethical institution is protected by law will deal with the dissolution of this entity more sensitively and will prevent the inopportune divorces. Consequently this divorce cannot be leaved to the mere agreement of the married couple. This approach will not regard the dissolution of the family as a revocation of PRIVATE contractor rescission and it will enter in the public DOMAIN. The Iranian legal system seems to accept such an attitude. It has not regarded the mere agreements of married couple as a sufficient condition for the termination of marriage contract.Since a lot of inopportune divorces which have been precipitately and unreasonably occurred in the first years after the marriage will threat the family institution, the appropriate law should prevent the adventitious and unreasonable termination of the marriage. As mentioned above the Iranian legal system, in spite of some vagueness’s, has accepted this approach and has limited the autonomy of the married couple in rescission of the marriage contract.

PRIVATE property developments have not been able to completely alter the rights inherent in PRIVATE property, but PRIVATE ownership has been subject to Limitations. One example of these limitations, which has been neglected in legal researches, is the issue of eminent DOMAIN by the State for PRIVATE use rather than public use. The question is essentially whether there is a possibility of eminent DOMAIN for PRIVATE use. The eminent DOMAIN by the state for PRIVATE use, contrary to the Eminent DOMAIN in public use, is not easily acceptable and may face challenges, since the public interest in the PRIVATE use hardly imaginable. However, after a careful examination of the eminent DOMAIN for PRIVATE use, to be clear that the limitation of property is a public interest, the challenge is moderated and, as a result, is acceptable in our legal system. The present research, while accepting the possibility of eminent DOMAIN by the State for PRIVATE use, explains the terms and effects of this type of limitation of property, and recommends that the legislature, in addition to proposing some amendments to the rules, prescribed eminent DOMAIN by State to consider these rules.

Increasing competition, specially, in service sector causes more attention to retention of current and potential customer. In this situation, customer loyalty and diagnosis of factors influencing on loyalty have a great importance. In this paper, first, factors that influence on loyalty have been diagnozed and then the relationship between independent and independent variables were tested as a model. The presented service loyalty model has two levels and were tested between customers of Iranian PRIVATE banks. In the first level, the model presented, include trust and commitment variables. These variables have a mediating role in building long term relationship in B2B context. In this research, positive effect of these variables on customer loyalty was supported in B2C context. In the second level, the presented model includes affective and cognitive variables. Some of these variables, that have more effect on formation of trust and commitment in service sector, have been identified. At the end, the researcher suggests some practical recommendation for enhancing customer loyalty to the CEOs and marketer and also some guidelines for future research in this DOMAIN.

Problem statement: Over time, from the mid-Qajar period to the first decade of the Pahlavi era, public and PRIVATE spaces, the spatial hierarchies between these two, and their forms underwent transformations, leading to the emergence of a hybrid style. One of the spaces that has experienced such transformations is the threshold space. As both a concept and a physical structure, the threshold space can encompass a wide range of meanings connected to customs and culture, imbuing the space with distinctive qualities. The significance of threshold spaces lies in their accessibility to public spaces, their integration with PRIVATE spaces, and their role in shaping the quality of the urban environment. Christopher Alexander, in his Nature of Order series, refers to this concept and highlights the importance of thresholds as a sophisticated architectural element.Research objective: The purpose of this article is to analyze the ground and first floors of residential areas in terms of their relationship with public spaces on the scale of buildings, as well as the connections between neighborhoods and buildings on the scale of streets. The study aims to align these findings with Christopher Alexander’s theories on thresholds. Accordingly, this research primarily focuses on threshold spaces and investigates the patterns between these two components based on Alexander’s theoretical framework.Research method: The methodology of this research is qualitative. Data was collected through desk research, interviews, analysis of historical documents (e.g., records, maps, and photographs), personal observation, photography, mapping, and analysis of the current state of threshold spaces. The historical core of Babol city, located in Mazandaran Province, was selected as the case study for this research.Conclusion: The findings reveal that, during the Qajar era, the hierarchical access to PRIVATE spaces from urban public spaces, as well as the connections between residential neighborhoods, aligned with Christopher Alexander’s theory. Spatial arrangements were appropriate to and consistent with the customs, culture, and needs of the inhabitants, despite the influences of modernity on the architecture of that period.

Children as the residents of urban space are an important part of the urban society and also the neglected social group in Tehran.In order to consider the various aspects of children's perception and life in urban and residential spaces, this paper aims to present the results of the study on children's participation in connection with the housing and city to aware socio-cultural researchers and urban managers and planners of a large community of small people.For this purpose, with a constructivist approach, children are known as social activists who have a mental and real perception of their needs in an urban society and can define their position in the urban community and react to unpleasant environmental and physical factors.In this research the study of documents, urban spaces and residential buildings of Tehran's 11th district has been done compared with the qualitative data derived from the results of observation, unstructured interviews, reviewing the children's paintings and writings using the cluster sampling method and the qualitative content analysis method. This matter indicates that to have a healthy and dynamic society, it is essential to expand the public DOMAIN in the city and create a PRIVATE space in the house for the children.The desirable city for the children is a space which provides their maximum physical and mental needs; childhood culture and individuality is represented in the PRIVATE space and provides them social interaction and participation, access to the municipal facilities as well as a sense of peace and security in the public space. Children's consideration of urban and architecture spaces involves various physical, mental and behavioral aspects which they have frequently pointed in their paintings and interviews.

Due to ineffectiveness of state owned enterprises, privatization is considered as a proper economic policy of many countries. No doubt for a successful privatization, along with the economic aspects, understanding the legal aspects of privatization is important. One of the issues, is capability of privatization of public DOMAIN. Public DOMAIN is inalienable. Now the question is whether or not state can transfer public DOMAIN to PRIVATE sector? Therefore, this article is based on comparative-analytical method and aims to answer this question on the basis of library study and analysis of Iranian law and French legal system. The most important result of this article is that although in the Constitution, the scope of public DOMAIN is large but the state can transfer this property by law (act of parliament). For investigation of capability of privatization of public DOMAIN is need to recognize this property, this article is presented in two parts: In the first part is determined public DOMAIN and it's distinction from PRIVATE DOMAIN of state and in the second part investigated capability of privatization of this property by comparative study of French law and in the end, the outcome of the research is presented in a few paragraphs

This work deals with misfit angles which are observable in ferroelastic phase transition. In this paper the misfit angles are calculated for six different ferroelastic phase transitions, where there is only one possible misfit angle. We use spontaneous strain tensor and Algebraic and geom- etric approach observable in the calculation. This method can be used for all possible misfit angles and for all ferroelastic species are given.

In the French Law, the properties of public entities and at the head of them, the properties of state are divided into public DOMAIN of public entities and PRIVATE DOMAIN of public entities. The criterion of distinguishing of public properties of public entities is a procedural matter that has been taken from French Doctrine, however the recent law of public entities ownership passed in 2006 has arrived these criteria in the legal texts. There principles of public ownership, and use and preparation enter a property into public properties of public entities. The state is in the top position in these properties, so the governing rules of them are administrative and their competent courts are administrative courts. But, in the case of PRIVATE DOMAIN of public entities, the administration is equal with ordinary persons; therefore, the rules of PRIVATE law and judicial courts govern it.